Vitamin B12 nasal spray and method of use

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to vitamin B12 nasal spray compositions and methods of using the same in the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency and various disorders that are related to such deficiency. In particular embodiments, the present invention is directed to treatment methods comprising intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition according to a particular dosing and frequency schedule and to a preservative-free nasal spray composition comprising a cobalamin compound useful in the practice of such treatment methods.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/618,099, filed Nov. 13, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/506,148, filed Aug. 17, 2006; which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/709,200, filed Aug. 17, 2005. The disclosures of the prior applications are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to vitamin B₁₂ nasal spray compositions and methods of using the same in the treatment of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and various disorders that are related to such deficiency. In particular embodiments, the present invention is directed to treatment methods comprising intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition according to a particular dosing and frequency schedule and to a preservative-free nasal spray composition comprising a cobalamin compound useful in the practice of such treatment methods.

BACKGROUND

Vitamin B₁₂ is a water soluble vitamin that plays a role in mammalian growth, hematopoiesis, production of epithelial cells, and maintenance of the nervous system. It was first isolated from liver concentrate in 1948 and structurally elucidated in the late 1950's.

Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B₁₂ and is one of the class of B₁₂ vitamins or cobalamin compounds that includes vitamin B_(12a) (hydroxocobalamin), vitamin B_(12b) (aquacobalamin), vitamin B_(12c) (nitrilocobalamin), methyl B₁₂ (methylcobalamin) and coenzyme B₁₂ (5′deoxyadenosine cobalamin). Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are the principal members of the class and the most widely employed in compositions used to treat vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and disorders that are related to this deficiency. Such disorders include anemias (most commonly pernicious anemia) and diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) infestation of the intestine, a disorder with symptomology that mimics pernicious anemia.

Several routes of administration of vitamin B₁₂ are known. Among these are parenterally, including intramuscular and subcutaneous injection, orally as a component of a tablet or solution, and nasally, as a component of a nasal spray or gel. Although the minimum daily dietary requirement of vitamin B₁₂ is approximately 0.1 μg for a healthy human, therapeutic administration of vitamin B₁₂ is typically in significantly larger doses. For example, the prescribed initial therapeutic dose is generally from about 100 μg to about 1000 μg, and is most often administered by intramuscular injection. Subsequent vitamin B₁₂ maintenance therapy may be by injection or by oral administration of a cobalamin composition. Use of vitamin B₁₂ injections for maintenance therapy has obvious disadvantages, including the inconvenience and pain associated with the injection that typically must be administered by medical personnel. Orally administered cobalamin compositions may fail to be adequately absorbed in the patient, particularly in those in which secretion or utilization of intrinsic factor is inadequate.

Intranasal administration of cobalamin compositions for vitamin B₁₂ maintenance therapy offers advantages over these alternative routes of administration. Typically, such therapy includes relatively infrequent, high dose nasal administration of a cobalamin composition. For example, NASCOBAL nasal spray solution containing 0.5% by weight cyanocobalamin is administered in one nostril once weekly in a dose of 500 μg (i.e., 500 μg cyanocobalamin per 0.1 mL actuation of the spray bottle pump).

Although maintenance therapy with vitamin B₁₂ nasal compositions has proven generally effective, those undergoing such therapy may experience some irritation of the nasal mucosa and discomfort due, in part, to the high dosage of the cobalamin compound typically administered as well as preservatives and other additives often present in these compositions. Moreover, effective vitamin B₁₂ maintenance therapy would be enhanced if more stable or even blood serum levels of vitamin B₁₂ could be attained through intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition. Accordingly, a need persists for improvements in vitamin B₁₂ nasal compositions and methods of nasal administration of such compositions in the treatment of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and various vitamin B₁₂ deficiency-mediated disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Among the various aspects of the present invention is the provision of a method of frequent, low dose nasal administration of a vitamin B₁₂ composition and an improved vitamin B₁₂ composition suitable for use in such methods of treatment.

Briefly, therefore, the present invention is directed to a method for maintaining vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels in a mammals, the method comprising nasally administering to the mammal at least once every three days an aqueous composition comprising a cobalamin compound in an amount sufficient to deliver a dose of no more than about 150 μg of the cobalamin compound to the mammal.

The present invention is further directed to a method for maintaining normal hematologic status in a pernicious anemia patient following intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ injection therapy, the method comprising nasally administering to said patient at least once every three days an aqueous composition comprising a cobalamin compound in an amount sufficient to deliver a dose of no more than about 150 μg of the cobalamin compound to the patient.

The present invention is further directed to a composition for nasal administration of a cobalamin compound, the composition comprising an aqueous solution containing a cobalamin compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, the composition having a pH of at least about 6.5.

The present invention is further directed to a composition for nasal administration of a cobalamin compound, the composition comprising an aqueous solution containing a cobalamin compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer and being free of preservatives.

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the mean serum vitamin B₁₂ levels and 95% confidence interval for all six visits in the study conducted in the Example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based in part on the observation that conventional intranasal administration of cobalamin compositions may lead to irritation of the nasal membranes or mucosa. Irritation may be caused or exacerbated by the relatively high dose of cobalamin compound typically administered and/or preservatives and other additives commonly contained in these compositions. This irritation, compounded by infrequent, high dose administration of conventional intranasal cobalamin compositions (e.g., anywhere from once a week to as rarely as once a month), can lead to patient noncompliance and variable blood serum vitamin B₁₂ levels and ultimately to inconsistent or ineffective treatment of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency-mediated disorders.

In order to provide patients with a more consistent and effective treatment for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and related disorders, the present invention is directed to methods for maintaining vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels in a mammal comprising more frequent intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition and at lower dosages than previously recognized as effective in the treatment of such disorders. The present invention further provides compositions containing a cobalamin compound useful in the practice of the treatment methods disclosed herein, while minimizing the risk of irritation of the nasal mucosa and patient noncompliance with the prescribed treatment regimen.

The treatment methods disclosed herein are generally applicable for maintenance of vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels in a patient in need of vitamin B₁₂ therapy. Such a patient may be suffering from a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, a disorder resulting from such a deficiency, or a disorder mimicking the symptomology of such a deficiency. Examples of disorders resulting from or mimicking a vitamin B₁₂ deficiency include, for example, anemia, including pernicious anemia; nerve degeneration, typically as a result of degradation or lack of myelin; and infestation by intestinal parasites or bacteria such as diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) that absorb large quantities of vitamin B₁₂ in the host. Other indications for application of the treatment methods disclosed herein include, for example, maintenance of normal hematologic status in pernicious anemia patients in remission subsequent to intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ injection therapy and who have no nervous system involvement; remedying vitamin B₁₂ dietary deficiencies (e.g., in vegetarians); treatment of patients suffering from vitamin B₁₂ malabsorption phenomena such as that resulting from inadequate secretion and/or utilization of intrinsic factor (e.g., due to HIV infection, AIDS, Crohn's disease, tropical and nontropical sprue, extensive neoplasia, subtotal or total gastrectomy, etc.); maintenance of vitamin B₁₂ in excess of normal dietary requirements due to pregnancy, renal disease, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, etc; and patients having elevated serum homocysteine, cystathionine, methylmalonic acid and/or 2-methylcitric acid levels.

The present invention is directed particularly to the treatment of humans in need of vitamin B₁₂ therapy. However, it should be understood that the methods disclosed herein are generally applicable to the treatment of mammals including, for example, domesticated house pets, such as dogs and cats, as well as farm animals, such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep and goats.

Methods for Intransal Administration of a Cobalamin Containing Composition

Generally, the treatment methods of the present invention comprise more frequent and lower dose intranasal administration of a composition containing a cobalamin compound. It has been discovered that more frequent and lower dose intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition offers several advantages over conventional intranasal vitamin B₁₂ maintenance therapy, including reduced risk of irritation of the nasal mucosa and more stable or even vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels (i.e., smaller peak to trough variances) by more closely mimicking the typical mammalian dietary intake of vitamin B₁₂. Moreover, it is believed that patient compliance is improved by treatment regimens including more frequent administration of the cobalamin composition. As described in greater detail below, the compositions used in the practice of the methods disclosed herein include, for example, aqueous solutions of the cobalamin compound along with various optional components such as isotonicity agents, buffering agents, humectants, surfactants and preservatives.

The treatment method for maintaining vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels in a mammal in accordance with the present invention comprises nasally administering to the mammal an aqueous composition comprising a cobalamin compound at least once every three days, preferably at least once every two days. The frequency of administration may vary during the treatment period. For example, the composition may be administered every day during an initial portion (e.g., the first week or first two weeks) of the treatment period (e.g., daily during an initial “loading” period to increase vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels), and then at less frequent intervals during the remainder of the treatment period. However, in order to promote patient compliance, administration preferably occurs at regular intervals throughout the treatment period. In accordance with a more preferred embodiment, the treatment method of the present invention comprises daily intranasal administration (i.e., one or more administrations per day), and especially once daily, intranasal administration of the cobalamin composition during the treatment period.

The dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient with each administration will vary generally with the frequency of administration (a higher dose being utilized with longer intervals between administrations), as well as with the needs of the patient and the type of disorder being treated, as would be apparent to those skilled in the art, but is generally lower than the dosing conventionally employed. Generally, the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient with each administration is no more than about 150 μg, preferably no more than about 125 μg, more preferably no more than about 100 μg, and still more preferably no more than about 75 μg of the cobalamin compound, and is at least 5 μg, preferably at least about 10 μg of the cobalamin compound.

With respect to a preferred treatment regimen comprising daily intranasal administration of a cobalamin composition, the daily dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient is preferably from about 5 μg to about 100 μg, more preferably from about 20 μg to about 80 μg, still more preferably from about 30 μg to about 70 μg and even more preferably from about 40 μg to about 60 μg. In accordance with an especially preferred embodiment comprising once daily intranasal administration of the cobalamin composition, the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient with each administration is usually no more than about 80 μg. In such an embodiment, the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient with each administration is preferably from about 5 μg to about 80 μg, more preferably from about 10 μg to about 60 μg, more preferably from about 15 μg to about 50 μg, more preferably from about 20 μg to about 50 μg, more preferably from about 30 μg to about 50 μg, still more preferably from about 40 μg to about 50 μg and even more preferably from about 45 μg to about 50 μg. For example, in an embodiment comprising daily intranasal administration of the cobalamin composition, the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient per administration may be about 10 μg, about 15 μg, about 20 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 35 μg, about 40 μg, about 45 μg, or about 50 μg.

In accordance with another embodiment of the treatment method disclosed herein comprising once daily intranasal administration of the cobalamin composition, the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient with each administration is from about 5 μg to about 45 μg, preferably from about 10 μg to about 45 μg, more preferably from about 15 μg to about 45 μg, more preferably from about 20 μg to about 45 μg, still more preferably from about 30 μg to about 45 μg, and even more preferably from about 40 μg to about 45 μg.

With respect to the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered to the patient per administration, it should be understood that each administration may comprise one or a plurality of applications or sprays of the cobalamin composition delivered to the nasal mucosa of the patient through one or both nostrils, the number of applications or sprays being dependent upon the concentration of the cobalamin compound in the composition, the quantity of the composition delivered per spray, and the desired dose per administration as readily determined by one skilled in the art. As described in greater detail below, the cobalamin composition is preferably dispensed from a spray bottle including a pump (e.g., a manually actuated pump) capable of delivering a metered spray of the cobalamin composition of predetermined volume (typically about 0.1 mL). Furthermore, and by way of example, a daily dose of 50 μg of a cobalamin compound may be administered in a single administration comprising one or more applications or metered sprays containing a total of 50 μg of cobalamin compound (e.g., a single administration comprising two applications or metered sprays, one in each nostril and each containing 25 μg of cobalamin compound) or in multiple administrations (e.g., four administrations at six hour intervals, each administration comprising one or more applications or metered sprays, in one or both nostrils, each administration containing a total of 12.5 μg of cobalamin compound).

The weekly dose of the cobalamin compound received by the patient will generally not be in excess of about 1000 μg, more preferably about 800 μg, still more preferably about 600 μg, even more preferably about 500 μg, still more preferably about 450 μg, even more preferably about 400 μg, and most preferably not in excess of about 350 μg of the cobalamin compound. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 50 μg to about 500 μg of the cobalamin compound. In another embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 100 μg to about 450 μg of the cobalamin compound. In yet another embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 150 μg to about 400 μg of the cobalamin compound. In still another embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 200 μg to about 400 μg of the cobalamin compound. In yet another embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 250 μg to about 350 μg of the cobalamin compound. In still another embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of from about 300 μg to about 350 μg of the cobalamin compound. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the patient may receive a weekly dosage of about 350 μg of the cobalamin compound, delivered by once daily nasal administration of 50 μg of a cobalamin compound.

Compositions Containing a Cobalamin Compound

A further aspect of the present invention is a composition comprising a cobalamin compound that may be used in a regimen to treat vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and deficiency related disorders. The composition may be used in previously known regimens of treatment for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, but preferably is used in the practice of the treatment regimen of the present invention described above.

A composition of the present invention generally comprises an aqueous solution containing a cobalamin compound. The aqueous solution is preferably isotonic. The cobalamin may be any of a number of known cobalamin compounds, including for example, cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B_(12a)), hydroxocobalamin HCl, sulfate, acetate and other hydroxocobalamin salts, aquacobalamin (vitamin B_(12b)), nitrilocobalamin (vitamin B_(12c)), methylcobalamin (methyl B₁₂), 5′-deoxyadenosine cobalamin (coenzyme B₁₂), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, chemically modified equivalents thereof, and mixtures thereof. The selection of the specific form of cobalamin to be used in the composition depends upon a number of factors known to those of skill in the art, including, for example, the composition in which the cobalamin compound is to be mixed or dissolved, the amount or concentration of cobalamin compound desired in the composition, the solubility of the cobalamin compound and the pH of the composition. In one embodiment, the cobalamin compound is cyanocobalamin USP. In another embodiment, the cobalamin compound is hydroxocobalamin. The concentration of the cobalamin compound in the composition can vary depending upon a number of factors known to those skilled in the art, including, for example, the composition in which the cobalamin compound is to be mixed or dissolved, the solubility of the cobalamin compound, the pH of the composition, the means by which the cobalamin composition is delivered to the nasal mucosa (e.g., using compressed gas or a propellant), the volume of the spray dispensed per application and the desired dosage to be delivered to the patient. Generally, the cobalamin compound may be present in the composition in a concentration of no more than about 20 weight percent (% w/w), for example, from about 0.0001% w/w to about 20% w/w, preferably from about 0.01% w/w to about 10% w/w, more preferably from about 0.02% w/w to about 1% w/w, still more preferably from about 0.02% w/w to about 0.04% w/w and most preferably about 0.025% w/w.

The isotonicity of the composition may generally be achieved and maintained using sodium chloride or another pharmaceutically acceptable isotonicity agent, such as, for example, dextrose, boric acid, sodium tartrate, other organic or inorganic solutes and mixtures thereof. The isotonicity agent is typically present in the composition in a concentration sufficient to cause the osmolarity of the composition to be from about 280 mOsmols to about 290 mOsmols±50 mOsmols. Sodium chloride is generally preferred, particularly if a buffer containing sodium ions is used in the composition, and is typically present in an amount that is physiologically equivalent to the tonicity of the nasal membranes.

The cobalamin composition of the present invention may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer in order to maintain the desired pH. Non-limiting examples of suitable buffers used to adjust and maintain the pH of the composition include acetate, citrate, prolamine, phosphate, carbonate, phthalate, borate, or other pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment, the buffer comprises sodium phosphate. The pH of the composition is maintained generally to be compatible with the fluids of the nasal membrane in order to minimize irritation. For example, the composition may be maintained at a pH from about 3 to about 11. In one embodiment, the composition may be maintained at a pH from about 3 to about 6.5, preferably from about 4 to about 6.5, more preferably from about 5 to about 6.5, still more preferably from about 6 to about 6.5, and most preferably about 6.5. Alternatively, the composition may be maintained at a pH greater than 6.5, preferably from about 6.5 to about 11, more preferably from about 7 to about 10, still more preferably from about 7 to about 9, even more preferably from about 7 to about 7.7, even more preferably about 7.2, and most preferably about 7.7. The concentration of the buffer in the composition will depend upon the selection of the buffer and the desired pH.

The present composition may also contain various pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as tolerance enhancers (sometimes more specifically referred to as humectants), absorption enhancers (sometimes also referred to as surfactants), preservatives, viscosity modifying agents (e.g., thickening agents), osmolarity adjusters, complexing agents, stabilizers, solubilizers, or any combination thereof.

A tolerance enhancer may be used in order to inhibit drying of the nasal membrane or mucosa. A tolerance enhancer may also serve the purpose of inhibiting or relieving irritation of the nasal membranes. Examples of suitable tolerance enhancers include, for example, humectants such as sorbitol, propylene glycol, glycerol, glycerin, hyaluronan, aloe, mineral oil, vegetable oil, soothing agents, membrane conditioners, sweeteners, and mixtures thereof. The selection and concentration of a tolerance enhancer may depend on a number of factors, including, for example, the type and concentration of cobalamin compound being used in the composition. When used, the concentration of the tolerance enhancer in the composition will typically be in amounts from about 0.01% w/w to about 20% w/w.

A surfactant or absorption enhancer may also be used in the composition in order to enhance the absorption of the cobalamin compound across the nasal membrane. Suitable absorption enhancers include non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants. Any of a number of well-known surfactants may be used, including, for example, polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty acids, partial esters of sorbitol anhydrides, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium salicylate, oleic acid, lecithin, dehydrated alcohol, Tween (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80 and the like), Span (e.g., Span 20, Span 40, Span 80 and the like), polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxy ethylene 50 stearate, edetate disodium, propylene glycol, glycerol monooleate, fusieates, bile salts, octoxynol and combinations thereof. When used, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition will typically be from about 0.1% w/w to about 50% w/w. By way of example, concentrations of sodium salicylate, sodium lauryl sulfate and edetate disodium may be from about 0.01% to about 5% w/w of the composition. Concentrations of polyoxyl 40 stearate, lecithin, dehydrated alcohol, can be from about 0.1% to about 10% w/w of the composition. Concentrations of oleic acid can be from about 0.01% to about 5% w/w of the composition. Concentrations of propylene glycol and Tween 20 can be from about 0.1% to about 25% w/w of the composition.

A pharmaceutically acceptable thickening agent may also be used in the composition in order to modify the viscosity of the composition. Numerous pharmaceutically acceptable thickening agents are well-known and include, for example, methyl cellulose, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carbomer, polyvinyl alcohol, alginates, acacia, chitosans and combinations thereof. The concentration of the thickening agent will depend upon the agent selected and the viscosity desired. Such agent may be present in the composition at a concentration of from about 0.1% w/w to about 20% w/w.

A preservative may also be employed to increase the shelf-life of the composition. A number of well-known and pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives may be used in the present composition, including, for example, parabens, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, benzalkonium chloride, or benzyl alcohol and combinations thereof. Other ingredients which extend shelf life can be added such as for example, antioxidants. Examples of antioxidants include sodium metabisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, ascorbyl palmitate and other pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants. Typically, the antioxidant will be present in the composition in a concentration of from about 0.01% w/w to about 5% w/w.

Benzyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride are preferred preservatives. A suitable concentration of preservative will depend on a number of factors, including, for example, the particular preservative selected, the intended shelf-life of the composition, and the results of preservative effectiveness and minimum preservative studies. When used, the concentration of the preservative in the composition will typically be from about 0.001% w/w to about 5% w/w, preferably from about 0.01% w/w to about 1% w/w and more preferably from about 0.02% w/w to about 0.4% w/w.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the cobalamin composition comprises sodium chloride, 0.649% w/w (0.11M); sodium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous, 0.19% w/w (0.016M); benzyl alcohol, NF, 0.366% w/w (0.034M); sodium hydroxide, NF, 0.04% w/w (0.010M); benzalkonium chloride, 50%, NF, 0.02% w/w; cyanocobalamin, USP, 0.025% w/w (0.00018M); in purified water, USP, 98.71% w/w.

Alternatively, and in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cobalamin composition may be formulated to be a sterile, preservative-free composition. While preservatives may extend the shelf life of a composition, they may also cause or exacerbate irritation to the nasal membranes. Furthermore, because of the frequency with which the composition of the present invention is preferably administered, a bottle of typical volume for storing and dispensing the composition will likely be emptied by the patient before the occurrence of the degradation, spoilage, or bacterial growth that a preservative is meant to prevent.

Thus in another embodiment, the cobalamin composition is preservative-free and comprises sodium chloride, 0.649% w/w (0.11M); sodium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous, 0.19% w/w (0.016M); sodium hydroxide, NF, 0.04% w/w (0.010M); cyanocobalamin, USP, 0.025% w/w (0.00018M); in purified water, USP, 99.096% w/w.

The composition may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art, including by combining or mixing the components according to generally accepted procedures. By way of example, the selected components may be simply mixed in a blender or other standard mixing machine to produce a concentrated composition which is then adjusted to the final concentration by the addition of water.

Typically, the cobalamin composition will be stored in and dispensed from a sealed container equipped with a metering valve and pump capable of being actuated to deliver or emit an aerosol (e.g., mist or spray) of the composition of predetermined volume into the patient's nostril and having a suitable droplet size distribution as known to those skilled in the art. Generally, the size of the droplets are large enough to prevent them from passing directly through the nasal passages and into the lungs, but small enough that they do not coalesce into large drops which either run out of the nose or down into the throat.

Suitable containers and metering valves for dispensing the cobalamin composition according to the methods of the invention are available commercially and are known to those of skill in the art. The container and valve system used to deliver the cobalamin composition may incorporate any of the conventional aerosol formation techniques. These include, for example, mechanical pumps; compressed air mechanisms in which delivery is made by hand pumping air into the container; compressed gas techniques in which delivery is made by the controlled release of a compressed gas (such as, for example, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and dinitrogen oxide) into the cobalamin containing composition; and liquid propellant techniques in which a low boiling liquid hydrocarbon (such as, for example, butane, isobutane, propane, and other low boiling hydrocarbons in either pure or mixed forms), halohydrocarbon, fluorocarbons (such as, for example, FC-152A), chlorofluorocarbons (such as Freon or Freon like fluorocarbons, such as, for example, CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-114), and hydrofluorocarbons, also referred to as hydrofluoroalkanes (such as, for example, HFA-134a and HFA-227) are vaporized to exert a pressure and force the composition through the metering valve.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment, and especially when a preservative-free composition is formulated, the cobalamin composition is stored for administration in a container or bottle including a pump and metering valve adapted for delivery of a metered spray of the composition and designed to inhibit or prevent degradation or spoilage of and bacterial growth in the composition contained therein. Examples of such a container are the spray pump bottles produced by and available from Pfeiffer (Advanced Preservative Free System) and from Valois (VPY).

The following non-limiting example is provided to further illustrate the present invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the techniques disclosed in the example that follows represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However, those skilled in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE

The study comprised twenty-five subjects, ages 18-85, with a history of documented vitamin B₁₂ deficiency who had previously been receiving maintenance intramuscular (IM) injections of B₁₂. The purpose of this study was to determine whether as an alternative to IM injections, one daily administration of a 0.025% by weight cobalamin composition is sufficient to sustain an efficacious level of B₁₂ in place of IM therapy and, thereby, maintain a serum B₁₂ level within the therapeutic range of greater than about 200 ng/L.

As an alternative to an IM injection, an aqueous isotonic composition containing a cobalamin compound was provided to the subjects to allow them to dose themselves at home with one daily intranasal (IN) administration comprising two puffs or sprays of B₁₂ (cobalamin). The intranasal cobalamin composition used in this study is listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Cobalamin Containing Composition Used in Study Quantity Required Description % w/w per Batch Molarity Sodium Chloride 0.649 248.1 gm 0.11 Sodium Phosphate, 0.19  72.6 gm 0.016 Monobasic, anhydrous Benzyl Alcohol, NF 0.366 139.9 gm 0.034 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 0.04  15.3 gm 0.010 Benzalkonium 0.02  7.65 gm NA Chloride, 50%, NF (3.83 g BAC + (isomeric 3.83 g water) mix) Cyanocobalamin, USP 0.025  9.56 gm 0.00018 Purified Water, USP 98.71  37.7 kg NA Total 100  38.2 kg NA

Study Design

This study was an open label, non-randomized, single-arm, active treatment study. All subjects were instructed to complete daily diaries to record the date and time of administration and any adverse events.

Subjects with chronic B₁₂ deficiencies were treated with intramuscular (IM) injections every 4-8 weeks. At the midpoint of the usual IM therapy interval (between 2 and 4 weeks post injection) subjects presented at the clinic for screening and provided blood samples for the measurement of levels of vitamin B₁₂. At the end of the IM therapy interval (4 to 8 weeks post injection) the subjects returned to the clinic to provide a blood sample for a low level of B₁₂ measurement and began the intranasal 0.025% cyanocobalamin therapy. Each morning during the 8 week administration of nasal cyanocobalamin, subjects sprayed 1 spray (0.1 mL) of the saline solution containing 0.025% by weight cyanocobalamin from an upright metered dose bottle directly into each nostril for a 50 μg daily dose of cyanocobalamin.

Subjects returned to the clinic every two weeks (post dosing initiation) for eight weeks to provide blood samples for the evaluation of B₁₂ levels.

Primary Efficacy Analysis

The primary efficacy endpoint is the average of the vitamin B₁₂ levels from Visits 3, 4, 5 and 6 relative to the B₁₂ levels at Visit 1. The ratio of each post baseline value to baseline was calculated, and the repeated measures model was used to calculate the means of the ratios at each visit. The estimate statement (statement 1) provided an estimate of the average of the ratios across visits 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the confidence interval around that average.

Statistical Analysis

Because the study subjects are on different IM therapy intervals, Visit 1 and Visit 2 will not correspond to the same relative week. The following schedule describes the actual times:

Visit #1 (V1)—Midpoint between IM injections (anywhere from 2 to 4 weeks post IM therapy).

Visit #2 (V2)—Termination of IM therapy (anywhere from 4 to 8 weeks post IM therapy). This is the point at which the next IM injection would have been given, but for the fact that the study participants began intranasal therapy instead.

Visit #3 (V3)—2 weeks post IN therapy initiation.

Visit #4 (V4)—4 week post IN therapy initiation.

Visit #5 (V5)—6 weeks post IN therapy initiation.

Visit #6 (V6)—8 weeks post IN therapy initiation.

Analysis Results

Descriptive Statistics

The average (standard deviation) age of the 25 subjects was 59.8 (15.5) years, ranging from 28.0 to 82.6 years. Seventeen (68.0%) of the subjects were female. Twenty-one (84.0%) were Caucasian and four (16.0%) were African American. The general pattern was an initial decline from Visit #1 to Visit #2 and a steady increase in the last four visits (Visits #3-#6), although there were exceptions. The mean B₁₂ value, range, and standard deviation at each visit are summarized in Table 2, and the means and their 95% confidence intervals are also shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF B₁₂ LEVEL AT EACH VISIT DURING THE STUDY FOR THE 25 SUBJECTS Standard Range Mean Deviation (low-high) Visit N (pg/mL) (pg/mL) (pg/mL) #1 25 484.28 157.93 (419.09, 549.47) #2 25 402.96 149.51 (341.24, 464.68) #3 25 505.76 136.73 (449.32, 562.20) #4 25 519.76 132.96 (464.88, 574.64) #5 25 510.60 162.41 (443.56, 577.64) #6 25 568.28 194.39 (488.04, 648.52)

The above description of the preferred embodiments is intended only to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application, so that others skilled in the art may adapt and apply the invention in its numerous forms, as may be best suited to the requirements of a particular use. The present invention, therefore, is not limited to the above embodiments, and may be variously modified.

With reference to the use of the word(s) “comprise” or “comprises” or “comprising” in this specification, including the appended claims, unless the context requires otherwise, those words are used on the basis and clear understanding that they are to be interpreted inclusively, rather than exclusively, and that it is intended each of those words to be so interpreted in construing this specification. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A kit comprising: A) a composition for nasal administration of a cobalamin compound, the composition comprising an aqueous solution containing about 0.02% w/w to about 1% w/w of a cobalamin compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, wherein the composition has a pH of about 4 to about 6.5, and wherein the cobalamin compound is cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin; and B) a container equipped with a pump adapted to deliver the composition into a patient's nostril, wherein the container is configured such that the dose of the cobalamin compound delivered with each administration is from about 5 μg to about 45 μg.
 2. The kit as set forth in claim 1 wherein the aqueous composition is isotonic.
 3. The kit as set for in claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable additive selected from the group consisting of tolerance enhancers, absorption enhancers, thickening agents, osmolarity adjusters, complexing agents, stabilizers, solubilizers, and any combination thereof.
 4. The kit as set forth in claim 1, wherein the cobalamin compound is cyanocobalamin.
 5. The kit as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cobalamin compound is hydroxocobalamin.
 6. The kit as set forth in claim 1, wherein the container is designed to inhibit or prevent degradation of, spoilage of, or bacterial growth in the composition.
 7. The kit as set forth in claim 1, wherein the composition has a pH of about 5 to about 6.5.
 8. A method for maintaining vitamin B₁₂ blood serum levels in a mammal, the method comprising nasally administering to the mammal at least once every three days the composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is administered via the container according to claim
 1. 9. A method for maintaining normal hematologic status in a pernicious anemia patient following intramuscular vitamin B₁₂ injection therapy, said method comprising nasally administering to said patient at least once every three days the composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is administered via the container according to claim
 1. 10. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein composition is administered nasally at least once every two days.
 11. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein composition is isotonic.
 12. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the composition is nasally administered at least once a day.
 13. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the composition is nasally administered once a day.
 14. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 5 μg to about 40 μg.
 15. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound is from about 5 μg to about 30 μg.
 16. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 10 μg to about 45 μg.
 17. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 15 ug to about 45 μg.
 18. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 20 μg to about 45 μg.
 19. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 30 μg to about 45 μg.
 20. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound of from about 40 μg to about 45 μg.
 21. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 45 μg.
 22. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 40 μg.
 23. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 35 μg.
 24. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 30 μg.
 25. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 25 μg.
 26. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 20 μg.
 27. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 15 μg.
 28. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 10 μg.
 29. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the nasal administration of the composition comprises a dose of the cobalamin compound that is about 5 μg.
 30. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is less than about 1000 μg per week.
 31. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 50 μg to about 500 μg per week.
 32. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 100 μg to about 450 μg per week.
 33. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 150 μg to about 400 μg per week.
 34. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 200 μg to about 400 μg per week.
 35. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 250 μg to about 350 μg per week.
 36. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the total amount of cobalamin compound nasally administered to the mammal is from about 300 μg to about 350 μg per week.
 37. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the dose of the cobalamin compound is administered to the mammal in a plurality of metered sprays of the composition.
 38. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the dose of the cobalamin compound is administered to the mammal in no more than two metered sprays of said composition.
 39. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the dose of the cobalamin compound is administered to the mammal in a single metered spray of the composition.
 40. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the mammal has an elevated blood metabolite serum level indicative of a vitamin B12 deficiency.
 41. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the mammal has elevated homocysteine, cystathionine, methylmalonic acid or 2-methylcitric acid blood serum levels.
 42. The method as set forth in claim 8 wherein the cobalamin compound is hydroxocobalamin. 